نشریه پژوهش های نهج البلاغه
سال بیست و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 75، زمستان 1401)

In Islam, for humankind's worldly and afterlife felicity, the purpose of sending prophets to form an ideal society should be based on divine rules and principles. One of the noble goals of Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS) was to create a divine government and, accordingly, the creation of such a society. This research, with a descriptive-analytic method, seeks to answer the fundamental question, what are the characteristics of an ideal society according to Nahj al-Balaghah? And what are Hazrat Ali's (AS) strategies to achieve such a society? The findings of this research included planning based on the strategies of infallible imams, all-round reforms, transparency of affairs, accountability as a result of establishing social justice in all its dimensions, the necessity of a direct relationship between the Imamt and the society, paying attention to the spiritual and material dimensions in society, the sovereignty of the Quran and the necessity of democracy and religious democracy. Generally, an ideal society is achieved by following the divine path and applying the instructions and strategies of the Prophet and the infallible imams.

Practical wisdom is a comprehensive, applicable topic that observes the dos and don'ts of individual and social life, which has a high frequency in didactic works. After Islam, Persian literature has always been influenced by the teachings of the Quran and hadiths. On the other hand, due to its eloquence, multi-dimensional nature, and divine teachings, Nahj al-Balaghah has attracted the particular attention of poets and writers as a rich source of personal and social spiritual teachings. With a descriptive-analytic method based on library studies, this research has investigated the reflection of related themes to the practical wisdom of Alavi Nahj al-Balaghah in Hadiqa al-Haqiqah Sana'i. The proof of these reflections, along with the sincere devotion of their composer to Imam Ali (AS), has shown that Nahj al-Balagha is one of the intellectual sources of Sanaa in the composition of Hadiqa. So, this work can play a unique role in promoting authentic Islamic-Iranian culture and protecting written heritage as a bridge between the thoughts of Imam Ali (AS) and the audiences of this work.

Abstract        The school of Islam with the philosophical teachings of the Prophet (PBUH) and the imams after him, particularly Amir al-Mu'minin (AS), is meaningful. These Cultural, social, political, and economic intellectual teachings gradually built the culture of Islam and, naturally, the civilization of Islam. Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the crucial sources of Alevi knowledge. On the other hand, Islamic civilization means the emergence of Islam in all aspects of human life. Since the principles of culture, society, economy, and politics are among the essential principles of any civilization, through the library method and using a descriptive-analytic method, this article intends to examine the principles of civilization in the words of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) in Nahj al-Balaghah. This research's findings explain Ali's (AS) opinion regarding different dimensions of civilization. Based on the knowledge received from Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS), this article concluded that the do's and don'ts of culture, society, economy, and politics in achieving Islamic civilization are among the things that are reflected in the words of Amir al-Mu'minin.

Style is how the speaker or writer expresses his thoughts and feelings. The style of expressing intentions impacts the audience in accepting or rejecting the presented content. The purpose of the present research is to answer the question of what are the addressing forms and their application in the Qur'an and Nahjal-Balaghah? What are their features and advantages? To answer these questions, authors using a descriptive-analytic method, divided the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balaghah addresses based on the combined form. Then, authors studied some examples of rhetorical purposes to identify the characteristics and advantages of these styles. The findings show that the composition style in the Quran and the declarative style in the sermons of Nahj Al-Balaghah are frequently present. The secondary meaning prevails in all these styles except the declarative style. The use of these styles in the secondary sense, from the psychological point of view, has a significant impact on the audience, so both texts have made good use of the styles in explaining the divine teachings, guiding and educating the audience. Identifying these meanings depends on paying attention to the connected and disconnected clues of the text, so without paying attention to these styles and their virtual purposes, the understanding of the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balaghah's texts is impaired.

Selecting appropriate equivalence in translation is an essential and sensitive process that requires the translator's high precision and mastery of both source and target languages. Seyyed Jafar Shahidi's translation of the Nahj Al-Balaghah, according to many experts, is one of the best translations of this book so far. This translation was introduced as the selected book of the year in 1990, and many scientific and literary societies have praised it. In this research, the authors chose the translation of the Qasea sermon from this book, compared it with its Arabic text based on the text-oriented approach, and analyzed it on two levels of lexical and textual context. The findings of this research show that, despite many efforts that have been made in the translation of this precious book, and despite all the beauty and elegance used in it, it seems that Shahidi in selecting equals for referential meaning as well as the contextual and textual meaning of some words has not been very precise.

This research aims to identify and analyze the articles written about Nahj al-Balaghah with a cultural approach over fifteen years (2001-2016). Since most of the conducted studies are in the form of articles and what is presented in these studies is the extract of the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah, the author of the present paper aims to answer the question of how much attention the authors have paid to cultural issues and which concepts of the cultural field have been addressed in Nahj al-Balaghah? In this regard, the written articles were identified, reviewed, and classified based on Persian articles and the bibliography of Nahj al-Balaghah. Then, using the qualitative content analysis, the concepts and cultural teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah were extracted from the articles, and then, using statistical inference and correcting some references, the descriptive analysis findings were presented. In the end, it was found that among the extracted concepts, the highest frequency related to resurrection and remembrance of the hereafter, with 215 examples and 27 frequencies, and the rest of the cultural concepts, with relative frequencies, were of interest to the authors in this period that the quantitative and qualitative reasons for attention were presented.

Explaining the meaning of felicity and determining its limits is a difficult task. On the other hand, it is an essential concept as it gives sense to life in today's world. In this article, using the descriptive-analytic method, we intend to infer Imam Ali's opinion on this concept based on the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah. We showed that, according to Imam Ali (AS), the desire felicity only covers the tangible aspect of human existence and does not consider worldly achievements, which is irrational and reprehensible. Moral felicity considers a person's presence (his perceptible and reasonable characteristics), his ultimate goal, and has a rational and praiseworthy nature. Then we stated that according to Imam Ali (AS), the latter felicity is the introduction and foundation of absolute felicity. In this way, we can identify and introduce three meanings of felicity based on Imam Ali's opinion.

As one of the essential cognitive theories, conceptual metaphor forms a wide field of language and experiences in which a conceptual domain is understood based on another domain. One of the components of interest in conceptual metaphor is conceptualization. Language through facilitating the process of conceptualization, provides the context for complex processes of conceptual integration. The concept of self, as one of the essential topics in Nahj al-Balaghah, has been expressed in various metaphorical formats, and examining how it is conceptualized can reveal the hidden content angles to the audience. Based on this, the present study, with a descriptive-analytic method, dealt with the conceptualization of self in the sermons of Nahj al-Balaghah and indicated that Imam Ali (AS) explained the concept of the self, using different sources such as; humans, capital, goods, unruly animals, etc. On the other hand, the word self to represent human beings has a high frequency, and the representation of the self on this basis allows the audience to reach a more accessible and broader understanding of the different layers of the self.

One of the doubts related to the attribution of Nahj al-Balaghah is the claim that Shia Muslims, due to religious purposes such as giving virtue to Ali (AS) as their first imam or raising his position above the position of the Prophet (PUBH) and winning the hearts of non-Shia have compiled Nahj al-Balagha. We can find the origin of the discussed doubt in the words of Ibn Khalqan and then Safadi, which was developed into the current form by some other famous scholars. This article aimed to answer these doubts by the descriptive-analytic method and tried to dissolve this doubt into two minor doubts. The first doubt is that Nahj al-Balaghah is fake and Seyyed Razi or others have written it; the second is the presence of religious motives and purposes in this forgery writing. In response to the first doubt, the method of Sabr and Taghsim, recognition of the homogeneity of the style of Nahj al-Balaghah, paleontology, and distinction of the origin of doubt. Paying attention to the views of the scholars of the two schools of thought in the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS) - vicegerency and immediate caliphate or not-, clarifying and implying Ali's (AS) eloquence by friends and enemies, highlighting his knowledge and nature, precision in and his speaking and the silence of the Qur'an, were the factors which have been used to answer the second doubt.